The CGS unit of electric charge has been named after him: one franklin (Fr) is equal to one statcoulomb. to pride thyself in setting free a single Slave that happens to land on thy coasts, while thy Merchants in all thy ports are encouraged by thy laws to continue a commerce whereby so many hundreds of thousands are dragged into a slavery that can scarce be said to end with their lives, since it is entailed on their prosperity! [43], Deborah's fear of the sea meant that she never accompanied Franklin on any of his extended trips to Europe; another possible reason why they spent much time apart is that he may have blamed her for possibly preventing their son Francis from being inoculated against the disease that subsequently killed him. A post office for local and outgoing mail had been established in Halifax, Nova Scotia, by local stationer Benjamin Leigh, on April 23, 1754, but service was irregular. Franklin feared that the American colonies could eventually come to the same level of poverty if the regulations and laws continued to apply to them. The Academy of Natural Sciences, April 1939 m, Jogn Gribbin, "In search of Schrödinger's cat", Black Swan, p. 12, * W. Gratzer, Eurekas and Euphorias, pp. [272][273], In 1787, a group of prominent ministers in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, proposed the foundation of a new college named in Franklin's honor. "Poor Richard's Proverbs", adages from this almanac, such as "A penny saved is twopence dear" (often misquoted as "A penny saved is a penny earned") and "Fish and visitors stink in three days", remain common quotations in the modern world. Founded by Franklin in 1743. "[212] These Puritan values and the desire to pass them on, were one of Franklin's quintessentially American characteristics and helped shape the character of the nation. While in Paris, both as a visitor and later as ambassador, he visited the famous Café de la Régence, which France's strongest players made their regular meeting place. Richard Peters, refused and Franklin put his ideas away until 1749 when he printed his own pamphlet, Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pensilvania. [34] For three decades Franklin maintained a close business relationship with her and her son Peter Timothy who took over the South Carolina Gazette in 1746. The British edition of the chart, which was the original, was so thoroughly ignored that everyone assumed it was lost forever until Phil Richardson, a Woods Hole oceanographer and Gulf Stream expert, discovered it in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris in 1980. He and Benjamin Rush founded the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery in 1774. Chess Hall of Fame in 1999. [69], In 1754, he headed the Pennsylvania delegation to the Albany Congress. First published: Part 1, … His forebears had come to New England in 1683 to avoid the zealous Anglicanism of England's Restoration era. The American statesman, philosopher, and scientist records his life, career, and philosophy Political Views. As the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation. "[6] To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin "the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in inventing the type of society America would become. When I have thus got them all together in one View, I endeavour to estimate their respective Weights; and where I find two, one on each side, that seem equal, I strike them both out: If I find a Reason pro equal to some two Reasons con, I strike out the three. This might seem strange, as in that year he was a loyal British subject who lobbied for a great British empire of North America, whereas by 1776 he was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. The Paxton Boys, a group of settlers convinced that the Pennsylvania government was not doing enough to protect them from American Indian raids, murdered a group of peaceful Susquehannock Indians and marched on Philadelphia. Meantime, Hunter became postal administrator in Williamsburg, Virginia, and oversaw areas south of Annapolis, Maryland. 26. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Franco–American relations. "[14] As clerk of the court, he was jailed for disobeying the local magistrate in defense of middle-class shopkeepers and artisans in conflict with wealthy landowners. At the heart of his political vision is a view of democratic citizenship, a rich understanding of the qualities of the heart and mind necessary to support liberty and sustain happiness. Pennsylvania Hospital was the first hospital in the colonies. Applying Benjamin Franklin’s Philosophy to Everyday Life. Nonetheless, Franklin recognized the faulty ethics in this argument[249] and would continue to be vegetarian on and off. His life and legacy of scientific and political achievement, and his status as one of America's most influential Founding Fathers, have seen Franklin honored more than two centuries after his death on the fifty-cent piece, the $100 bill, warships, and the names of many towns, counties, educational institutions, and corporations, as well as numerous cultural references and with a portrait in the Oval Office. [119], During his stay in France, Franklin was active as a Freemason, serving as venerable master of the lodge Les Neuf Sœurs from 1779 until 1781. He was apprenticed to his brother James, a printer. By suggesting to Thomas Jefferson that the key line in the Declaration of Independence – ‘We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable’ – should be changed to ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident’, Franklin neatly took God out of the equation, substituted Natural Rights and changed the moral basis for political power in the western world. Benjamin Franklin thought that slavery was "an atrocious debasement of human nature" and "a source of serious evils." Excerpt from The Works of Benjamin Franklin, in Philosophy, Politics, and Morals, Vol. 4: Containing, Beside All the Writings Published in Former Collections, His Diplomatic Correspondence, as Minister of the United States, at the Court of ... He declared a debt of gratitude to German scientist Otto von Guericke for his early studies of electricity. Franklin was said to have noted that the prevailing winds were actually from the northeast, contrary to what he had expected. [161], Franklin's electrical experiments led to his invention of the lightning rod. After a few months, while working in a printing house, Franklin was convinced by Pennsylvania governor Sir William Keith to go to London, ostensibly to acquire the equipment necessary for establishing another newspaper in Philadelphia. As to what Franklin himself regarded as his guiding principles, one is well advised to look at his time in London as a young printer and the consequential Plan of Conduct, which he wrote for himself on the voyage back to Philadelphia. 2. The mail packet captains sailed dead into it, thus fighting an adverse current of 3 miles per hour (5 km/h). His father Josiah Franklin was a candlemaker. 1556332. Franklin sent a sample of soybeans to prominent American botanist John Bartram and had previously written to British diplomat and Chinese trade expert James Flint inquiring as to how tofu was made,[250] with their correspondence believed to be the first documented use of the word "tofu" in the English language. Benjamin Franklin is widely considered on of the greatest thinkers in American history; and, like many of the other great Enlightenment philosophers, contributed to the new waves of thinking on many different levels, and he reflected the new ideas and ideologies of the Enlightenment in Europe onto the newly formed United States. He was interred in Christ Church Burial Ground in Philadelphia. He began the electrical research that, along with other scientific inquiries, would occupy him for the rest of his life, in between bouts of politics and moneymaking. To understand this phenomenon more clearly Franklin conducted experiments. [153], Franklin published a proposal for an experiment to prove that lightning is electricity by flying a kite in a storm. [78], On July 26, 1775, the Second Continental Congress established the United States Post Office and named Franklin as the first United States Postmaster General. [196] Franklin's father, a poor chandler, owned a copy of a book, Bonifacius: Essays to Do Good, by the Puritan preacher and family friend Cotton Mather, which Franklin often cited as a key influence on his life. [237] After returning from England in 1762, Franklin became notably more abolitionist in nature, attacking American slavery. [211] Franklin, steeped in Puritanism and an enthusiastic supporter of the evangelical movement, rejected the salvation dogma but embraced the radical notion of egalitarian democracy. In the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, "In Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat. In response to a question from a member of Congress about this, Franklin, quoting the Bible, quipped: "Muzzle not the ox that treadeth out his master's grain." Franklin helped to organize a local militia to defend the capital against the mob. "[220] As a young man he rejected Christian dogma in a 1725 pamphlet A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain,[221] which he later saw as an embarrassment,[222] while simultaneously asserting that God is "all wise, all good, all powerful. 3. From 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. "Special Report: Citizen Ben's Greatest Virtues", Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Benjamin Franklin: First American Diplomat, 1776–1785, Online edition of Franklin's personal library, American Writers: A Journey Through History, "Benjamin Franklin | Biography, Inventions, Books, American Revolution, & Facts | Britannica", "A Silence Dogood Sampler" – Selections from Franklin's Silence Dogood writings, Abridgement of the Book of Common Prayer (1773), by Benjamin Franklin and Francis Dashwood, Historical Society of Pennsylvania Collection of Benjamin Franklin Papers, Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart, President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society, "Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745), Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775), Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology, Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin, United States Declaration of Independence, Physical history of the Declaration of Independence, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&oldid=1045884857, 18th-century American newspaper publishers (people), 18th-century American non-fiction writers, 18th-century United States government officials, Ambassadors of the United States to France, Ambassadors of the United States to Sweden, Chief Administrators of the University of Pennsylvania, Continental Congressmen from Pennsylvania, English-language spelling reform advocates, Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Founder Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees, Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Members of the American Philosophical Society, Members of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, Members of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, Signers of the United States Constitution, Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, Speakers of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Articles with International Music Score Library Project links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Government & Politics, Government & Politics 18th Century, Invention, Science & Medicine, Professions & Vocations, Publishing & Journalism, Writers, "Industry. "He waged a public relations campaign, secured secret aid, played a role in privateering expeditions, and churned out effective and inflammatory propaganda. Benjamin Franklin found traditional schools “too ornamental” and distrusted their methods; he preferred practicality in his educational philosophy, such as suggesting students primarily learn the English language, rather than classic languages such as … "[1], While living in London in 1768, he developed a phonetic alphabet in A Scheme for a new Alphabet and a Reformed Mode of Spelling. The Political Philosophy of the American Founders, The Political Philosophy of James Madison, The Political Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson, The Political Philosophy of Alexander Hamilton, The Political Philosophy of George Washington. The image of Franklin, the first postmaster general of the United States, occurs on the face of U.S. postage more than any other notable American save that of George Washington. The largest of these was the "Association Battery" or "Grand Battery" of 50 guns.[58][59]. These writings included: Franklin became a vegetarian when he was a teenager apprenticing at a print shop, after coming upon a book by the early vegetarian advocate Thomas Tryon. Reading was a great pastime of the Junto, but books were rare and expensive. Franklin published his Gulf Stream chart in 1770 in England, where it was ignored. Franklin was brought up in a society was that much more self-aware than previous generations. Among his many creations were the lightning rod, Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and the flexible urinary catheter. [206][207], Franklin retained a lifelong commitment to the Puritan virtues and political values he had grown up with, and through his civic work and publishing, he succeeded in passing these values into the American culture permanently. [124] He negotiated a treaty that was signed in April 1783. [40] Franklin remained a Freemason for the rest of his life. 'Domesticity: The Human Side of Benjamin Franklin'. [27] In a 1751 pamphlet on demographic growth and its implications for the Thirteen Colonies, he called the Pennsylvania Germans "Palatine Boors" who could never acquire the "Complexion" of Anglo-American settlers and referred to "Blacks and Tawneys" as weakening the social structure of the colonies. When considering it decades later, Franklin declared it ‘the more remarkable, as being form’d when I was so young, and yet being pretty faithfully adhered to quite thro’ to old Age’. [20], On July 4, 1776, Congress appointed a three-member committee composed of Franklin, Jefferson, and Adams to design the Great Seal of the United States. His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in securing shipments of crucial munitions from France. [142], Franklin was a prodigious inventor. He organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. Online shopping for Books from a great selection of Ethics & Morality, Metaphysics, Eastern, Political, Religious, Modern & more at everyday low prices. [250] Detailing new American customs, Franklin writes that, "[t]hey resolved last spring to eat no more lamb; and not a joint of lamb has since been seen on any of their tables … the sweet little creatures are all alive to this day, with the prettiest fleeces on their backs imaginable. "[216] Franklin's rejection of dogma and doctrine and his stress on the God of ethics and morality and civic virtue made him the "prophet of tolerance. Her father Peter was "the sort of rebel destined to transform colonial America. This proved to be a regrettable decision. Usually ships 2-3 business days after receipt of order. [171] Franklin, in his capacity as a farmer, wrote at least one critique about the negative consequences of price controls, trade restrictions, and subsidy of the poor. He clarified himself as a deist in his 1771 autobiography,[200] although he still considered himself a Christian. Many of the leading American founders – most notably Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and James Madison – owned slaves, but many others did not. [98] In September 1767, Franklin visited Paris with his usual traveling partner, Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet. Rodgers shortly avoided his debts and prosecution by fleeing to Barbados with her dowry, leaving her behind. John N. Wilford, "Prints of Franklin's chart of Gulf Stream found", 1785: Benjamin Franklin's "Sundry Maritime Observations," The letters were finally leaked to the public in the Boston Gazette in mid-June 1773,[102] causing a political firestorm in Massachusetts and raising significant questions in England. [9] After 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the policies of the British Parliament and the Crown.[10]. Franklin reorganized the service's accounting system and improved speed of delivery between Philadelphia, New York and Boston. In his later years, as Congress was forced to deal with the issue of slavery, Franklin wrote several essays that stressed the importance of the abolition of slavery and of the integration of blacks into American society. Merli, Frank J., and Theodore A. Wilson, eds. Yet one can argue that the foundations of Franklin’s argument remained unchanged, being based on an extraordinarily accurate estimate of America’s growth potential. [158] Others, such as Georg Wilhelm Richmann in Russia, were indeed electrocuted in performing lightning experiments during the months immediately following Franklin's experiment.[159]. Franklin donated books from his own collection, thus giving others the chance to see which books influenced him and helped shape his personal outlook. In this way, other people can pursue their own education, just like Franklin did! Franklin also promoted the education of African Americans. From 1908 through 1923, the U.S. Post Office issued a series of postage stamps commonly referred to as the Washington–Franklin Issues where Washington and Franklin were depicted many times over a 14-year period, the longest run of any one series in U.S. postal history. Popularly, Benjamin Franklin gets pegged as a sybaritic sort of fellow, a man given to lusty appetites. A total of 15 bodies have been recovered. - The Educational Views of Benjamin Franklin by Thomas Woody was perhaps the most useful source on Franklin fs life, his methods of self-education and pertinent points of his philosophy* NPepper's Facsimile Report was the most helpful Information relative to the founding of the Academy* ^Franklin's Autobiography gives valuable information Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. [citation needed] The New England militia had forced the main British army to remain inside Boston. The Political Philosophy of Benjamin Franklin. It was more than a business venture, for like many publishers he believed that the press had a public-service duty. Thus, Franklin’s philosophy not only defined the American ideal but also defined the entire concept of human progress. Philip L. Richardson (February 8, 1980), "Benjamin Franklin and Timothy Folger's first printed chart of the Gulf Stream". But it was in politics that Franklin made his greatest impact. ", Mathews, L.K. '[20], In 1732, Ben Franklin published the first German-language newspaper in America – Die Philadelphische Zeitung – although it failed after only one year because four other newly founded German papers quickly dominated the newspaper market. [157] Joseph Priestley published an account with additional details in his 1767 History and Present Status of Electricity. [125] Le Globe, created by professor Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert, was watched by a vast crowd as it rose from the Champ de Mars (now the site of the Eiffel Tower). The Political Philosophy of Benjamin Franklin (The Political Philosophy of the American Founders) - Kindle edition by Pangle, Lorraine Smith. In a 1772 letter to Joseph Priestley, Franklin lays out the earliest known description of the Pro & Con list,[192] a common decision-making technique, now sometimes called a decisional balance sheet: ... my Way is, to divide half a Sheet of Paper by a Line into two Columns, writing over the one Pro, and over the other Con. [261] This essay in praise of chess and prescribing a code of behavior for the game has been widely reprinted and translated. The merchantmen had a longer and more complex voyage because they left from London, while the packets left from Falmouth in Cornwall. He argues powerfully that Franklin’s principles were forged by 1760. On July 29, 1750, Franklin sent to Collinson a summary of his Opinions and Conjectures, concerning the Properties and Effects of the [103] The British began to regard him as the fomenter of serious trouble. It is a plan for a practical life, for the joint benefit of Franklin himself and of a wider public – there being no inherent logical contradiction between the two in the 18th century, so long as an individual possessed both the self-knowledge to understand the need for balance and the discipline to ensure it. The missing funds were never again mentioned in Congress. "When Words Fail: William Pitt, Benjamin Franklin and the Imperial Crisis of 1766", This page was last edited on 22 September 2021, at 23:15. John Adams noted that Franklin was a mirror in which people saw their own religion: "The Catholics thought him almost a Catholic. [267], Franklin was inducted into the U.S. After his return to the United States in 1775, Franklin became the Society's Corresponding Member, continuing a close connection. Benjamin, their eighth child, was Josiah Franklin's fifteenth child overall, and his tenth and final son.[13]. "1782: Original Design of the Great Seal of the United States". [107] One early proponent that Franklin was a member of the Hellfire Club and a double agent was the historian Donald McCormick,[108] who has a history of making controversial claims. For the greater part of his appointment, Franklin lived in England (from 1757 to 1762, and again from 1764 to 1774)—about three-quarters of his term. [53] In 1741, Franklin began publishing The General Magazine and Historical Chronicle for all the British Plantations in America. When Ben was 15, James founded The New-England Courant, which was one of the first American newspapers. [198], Franklin formulated a presentation of his beliefs and published it in 1728. The Gazette gave Franklin a forum for agitation about a variety of local reforms and initiatives through printed essays and observations. This focus on the individual and the family brought about competing interests, as people striving to find success, if not acting carefully, could easily offend a society in which tact was highly regarded. [203], The motion met with resistance and was never brought to a vote. In correspondence with his brother, Franklin learned that the same storm had not reached Boston until after the eclipse, despite the fact that Boston is to the northeast of Philadelphia. January 6, 1705][Note 1] – April 17, 1790) was an American polymath who was active as a writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher and political philosopher. "[110], He provided an early response to British surveillance through his own network of counter-surveillance and manipulation. Franklin writes, "... A certain quantity of heat will make some bodies good conductors, that will not otherwise conduct ..." and again, "... And water, though naturally a good conductor, will not conduct well when frozen into ice. Franklin’s political writings are full of fascinating reflections on human nature, on the character of good leadership, and on why government is such a messy and problematic business. [261] The Franklin Mercantile Chess Club in Philadelphia, the second oldest chess club in the U.S., is named in his honor.[268]. Franklin felt that organized religion was necessary to keep men good to their fellow men, but rarely attended religious services himself. He said local governments had raised, outfitted and paid 25,000 soldiers to fight France—as many as Britain itself sent—and spent many millions from American treasuries doing so in the French and Indian War alone. [116], Among his associates in France was Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau—a French Revolutionary writer, orator and statesman who in 1791 was elected president of the National Assembly. [8] He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richard's Almanack, which he authored under the pseudonym "Richard Saunders". His last words were reportedly, "a dying man can do nothing easy", to his daughter after she suggested that he change position in bed and lie on his side so he could breathe more easily. [57], In 1743, Franklin founded the American Philosophical Society to help scientific men discuss their discoveries and theories. The Junto, also known as the Leather Apron Club, was a club for mutual improvement established in 1727 by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia.The Leather Apron Club's purpose was to debate questions of morals, politics, and natural philosophy, and to exchange knowledge of business affairs. "[150] Franklin recounted that in the process of one of these experiments, he was shocked by a pair of Leyden jars, resulting in numbness in his arms that persisted for one evening, noting "I am Ashamed to have been Guilty of so Notorious a Blunder."[151]. The philosophy, curriculum, and strong parental involvement that define Benjamin Franklin Charter School are based on many years of experience with similar programs that resulted from the “Back-to-Basics” movement during the 1970’s. Georgia, New Jersey, and Massachusetts also appointed him as their agent to the Crown. Even this Franklin could use for contemporary satire, since Cretico, the "sowre Philosopher", is evidently a portrait of Franklin's rival, Samuel Keimer. The most famous man of his age, Benjamin Franklin was an individual of many talents and accomplishments. Benjamin Franklin. Hopes for a peaceful solution ended as he was systematically ridiculed and humiliated by Solicitor-General Alexander Wedderburn, before the Privy Council on January 29, 1774. I have lived, Sir, a long time and the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth—that God governs in the affairs of men. Instead, he would work on one and only one each week "leaving all others to their ordinary chance." At eight, he was sent to Boston’s Latin school with the idea of entering Harvard, which would prepare him for the ministry. [135][136] Franklin's death is described in the book The Life of Benjamin Franklin, quoting from the account of John Jones: ... when the pain and difficulty of breathing entirely left him, and his family were flattering themselves with the hopes of his recovery, when an imposthume, which had formed itself in his lungs, suddenly burst, and discharged a quantity of matter, which he continued to throw up while he had power; but, as that failed, the organs of respiration became gradually oppressed; a calm, lethargic state succeeded; and on the 17th instant (April 1790), about eleven o'clock at night, he quietly expired, closing a long and useful life of eighty-four years and three months.[137]. 15. Firesign Theater quote, meant humorously but poignantly. His father, Josiah Franklin, was a true Puritan and immigrated to America from England in 1682. Benjamin Franklin made important scientific contributions regarding the nature of electricity. Franklin was the first to label them as positive and negative respectively,[145][146] and he was the first to discover the principle of conservation of charge. "If an Indian injures me", he asked, "does it follow that I may revenge that Injury on all Indians? They took in Franklin's recently acknowledged young illegitimate son and raised him in their household. Of religion in General ) benjamin franklin philosophy him into overlapping circles of acquaintance..! Concept that greatly influenced meteorology and east, as Walter Isaacson points out in Benjamin Franklin, however, person... Franklin ’ s official duties as minister plenipotentiary diminished minister George Whitefield during the Benjamin. Use of the issue of slavery at the Moravian Sun Inn made political. Was placed in foster care. [ 244 ]... and have we now forgotten that powerful friend of... Power, but rarely attended religious services himself dispatched Franklin to Richard Price, October 9, 1755 Part the. 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